Performance of Body Fat Percentage, Fat Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Detecting Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Brazilian Adults.

Obesity is a recognized risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate anthropometric and body composition indicators used for its diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass index (FMI) and body mass index (BMI) for detecting cardiometabolic outcomes in adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving adults at 30 years of age from Pelotas, RS (n = 3517) and at 37-39 years from Ribeirão Preto, SP (n = 1696). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the cut-off points for predicting cardiometabolic risk factors, including altered blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDDL-c), C-reactive protein and glycated hemoglobin. The cut-off points of BF% ranged from 25.2 to 27.8 in men and from 37.4 to 39.7 in women at 30 years, and from 26.1 to 27.8 in men and from 38.5 to 42.2 in women at 37-39 years. For FMI (kg/m2), the cut-off points ranged from 6.3 to 7.5 in men and from 9.5 to 10.8 in women at 30 years, and from 7.3 to 7.8 in men and from 10.2 to 12.2 in women at 37-39 years. The BMI cut-off points (kg/m2) ranged from 26.3 to 27.3 in men and from 25.4 to 27.2 in women at 30 years, and from 28.3 to 29.0 in men and from 27.2 to 29.6 in women at 37-39 years. The areas under the curve were similar for the three indicators, ranging from 0.523 to 0.746. BMI showed a performance similar to that of the body fat-based indicators in identifying cardiometabolic outcomes. The cut-off points of the three indicators showed acceptable discriminatory power in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors.

Birth conditions nutritional status in childhood associated with cardiometabolic risk factors at 30 years of age: a cohort study.

This study aimed to assess the association of birth conditions, nutritional status, and childhood growth with cardiometabolic risk factors at 30 years of age. We also evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) at 30 years mediated the association of weight gain in childhood with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a prospective cohort study that included all live births in 1982 in hospitals in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, whose families lived in the urban area. Mothers were interviewed at birth, and participants were followed at different ages. For our analyses, we used data on weight and height collected at birth, 2 and 4 years and cardiovascular risk factors at 30 years. Multiple linear regressions were performed to obtain adjusted coefficients and G-formula for mediation analysis. Relative weight gain in childhood, despite the age, was positively related to mean arterial pressure, whereas relative weight gain in late childhood was positively associated with carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, and C-reactive protein. BMI in adulthood captured the total effect of relative weight gain in the period between 2 and 4 years on carotid intima-media thickness, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Our findings reinforce the evidence that rapid relative weight gain after 2 years of age may have long-term consequences on the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.

Growth patterns in childhood and adolescence and adult body composition: a pooled analysis of birth cohort studies from five low and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration).

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations among serial measures of linear growth and relative weight with adult body composition. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of prospective birth cohort studies. SETTINGS: Six birth cohorts from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines and South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: 4173 individuals followed from birth to ages 22-46 years with complete and valid weight and height at birth, infancy, childhood and adolescence, and body composition in adult life. EXPOSURES: Birth weight and conditional size (standardised residuals of height representing linear growth and of relative weight representing weight increments independent of linear size) in infancy, childhood and adolescence. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), fat mass/fat-free mass ratio (FM/FFM), and waist circumference in young and mid-adulthood. RESULTS: In pooled analyses, a higher birth weight and relative weight gains in infancy, childhood and adolescence were positively associated with all adult outcomes. Relative weight gains in childhood and adolescence were the strongest predictors of adult body composition (ß (95% CI) among men: FMI (childhood: 0.41 (0.26 to 0.55); adolescence: 0.39 (0.27 to 0.50)), FFMI (childhood: 0.50 (0.34 to 0.66); adolescence: 0.43 (0.32 to 0.55)), FM/FFM (childhood: 0.31 (0.16 to 0.47); adolescence: 0.31 (0.19 to 0.43))). Among women, similar patterns were observed, but, effect sizes in adolescence were slightly stronger than in childhood. Conditional height in infancy was positively associated with FMI (men: 0.08 (0.03 to 0.14); women: 0.11 (0.07 to 0.16)). Conditional height in childhood was positively but weakly associated with women's adiposity. Site-specific and sex-stratified analyses showed consistency in the direction of estimates, although there were differences in their magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal and postnatal relative weight gains were positive predictors of larger body size and increased adiposity in adulthood. A faster linear growth in infancy was a significant but weak predictor of higher adult adiposity.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and birthweight on the third generation: results from two birth cohort studies.

The purpose of this research is to investigate whether grandmother's smoking during pregnancy reduces the grandchildren's birthweight and whether maternal smoking during pregnancy modified this association. We also evaluated the effect of duration and intensity of smoking. This study included data from three generations from two birth cohorts carried out in Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city: women enrolled in the perinatal study in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts (G1); daughters (G2) of those G1 mothers who were followed to adulthood; and first children (G3) born from G2 women. Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was obtained from women (G1) shortly after delivery of the two cohorts and from G2 in the follow-up in adulthood of the 1993 cohort. Mothers (G2) reported G3 birthweight during the follow-up visit at adulthood. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain effect measures adjusted for confounders. The study included 1602 grandmothers (G1), mothers (G2), and grandchildren (G3). Prevalence of maternal (G1) smoking during pregnancy was 43% and mean G3 birthweight was 3118.9 g (SD: 608.8). Grandmother's smoking in the pregnancy was not associated with grandchild's birthweight. However, offspring of both G1 and G2 smokers had lower mean birthweight than those whose mother and grandmother did not smoke (adjusted ß: - 223.05; 95% CI: - 415.16, - 32.76). CONCLUSION: No significant association was observed between grandmother's smoking in the pregnancy and grandchild's birthweight. But it seems that grandmother's smoking in pregnancy has an effect on grandchild's birthweight when the mother also smoked in the pregnancy. . WHAT IS KNOWN: • Most studies on the association of maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy with offspring birthweight have been restricted to two generations, and an inverse association is well known. WHAT IS NEW: • Besides to investigate whether grandmother's smoking during pregnancy reduces the grandchildren's birthweight, we examined whether this association varied according to maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Birth conditions nutritional status in childhood associated with cardiometabolic risk factors at 30 years of age: a cohort study / Condições de nascimento, estado nutricional na infância e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos aos 30 anos de idade: um estudo de coorte / Condiciones de nacimiento, estado nutricional en la infancia y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico a los 30 años: un estudio de cohortes

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the association of birth conditions, nutritional status, and childhood growth with cardiometabolic risk factors at 30 years of age. We also evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) at 30 years mediated the association of weight gain in childhood with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a prospective cohort study that included all live births in 1982 in hospitals in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, whose families lived in the urban area. Mothers were interviewed at birth, and participants were followed at different ages. For our analyses, we used data on weight and height collected at birth, 2 and 4 years and cardiovascular risk factors at 30 years. Multiple linear regressions were performed to obtain adjusted coefficients and G-formula for mediation analysis. Relative weight gain in childhood, despite the age, was positively related to mean arterial pressure, whereas relative weight gain in late childhood was positively associated with carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, plasma glucose, and C-reactive protein. BMI in adulthood captured the total effect of relative weight gain in the period between 2 and 4 years on carotid intima-media thickness, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Our findings reinforce the evidence that rapid relative weight gain after 2 years of age may have long-term consequences on the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação das condições de nascimento, do estado nutricional e do crescimento infantil com fatores de risco cardiometabólicos aos 30 anos de idade. Também foi verificado se o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos 30 anos mediava a associação entre o ganho de peso na infância e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu todos os nascidos vivos em 1982 em hospitais da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, residentes da área urbana. As mães foram entrevistadas no parto e os participantes foram acompanhados em diferentes idades. Para as análises, foram utilizados os dados de peso e altura coletados no nascimento e aos 2 e 4 anos de idade e fatores de risco cardiovascular aos 30 anos. Regressões lineares múltiplas foram realizadas para a obtenção de coeficientes ajustados e G-fórmula para a análise de mediação. O ganho de peso relativo na infância, apesar da idade, está positivamente associado à pressão arterial média, enquanto o ganho de peso relativo tardio na infância está positivamente associado à espessura médio-intimal da artéria carótida, à velocidade da onda de pulso, aos triglicerídeos, ao colesterol não-HDL, à glicose plasmática e à proteína C reativa. O IMC na idade adulta capturou o efeito total do ganho de peso relativo entre 2 e 4 anos sobre a espessura médio-intimal da carótida, os triglicerídeos, o colesterol não-HDL e a proteína C reativa. Estes achados reforçam a evidência de que o rápido ganho de peso relativo após os 2 anos de idade pode ter consequências a longo prazo sobre o risco de distúrbios metabólicos e cardiovasculares.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de las condiciones de nacimiento, estado nutricional y crecimiento infantil con factores de riesgo cardiometabólico a los 30 años de edad. También se verificó si el índice de masa corporal (IMC) a los 30 años mediaba la asociación entre el aumento de peso infantil y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo que incluyó todos los nacidos vivos en 1982 en hospitales de la ciudad de Pelotas, estado de Río Grande del Sur, Brasil, residentes del área urbana. Las madres fueron entrevistadas en el momento del parto y los participantes fueron seguidos a diferentes edades. Para los análisis, utilizamos los datos de peso y altura recopilados al nacer y a los 2 y 4 años de edad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular a los 30 años. Se realizaron regresiones lineales múltiples para obtener coeficientes ajustados y la G-fórmula para el análisis de mediación. El aumento de peso relativo en la infancia, a pesar de la edad, se asocia positivamente con la presión arterial media, mientras que el aumento de peso relativo en la infancia tardía se asocia positivamente con el espesor de la íntima-media de la arteria carotídea, la velocidad de la onda del pulso, los triglicéridos, el colesterol no HDL, la glucosa plasmática y la proteína C reactiva. El IMC en adultos capturó el efecto completo del aumento de peso relativo a los 2 y 4 años sobre el espesor de la íntima-media carotídea, los triglicéridos, el colesterol no HDL y la proteína C reactiva. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la evidencia de que el rápido aumento de peso relativo después de los 2 años puede tener consecuencias a largo plazo sobre el riesgo de trastornos metabólicos y cardiovasculares.

Robbery Victimization in Early Adulthood, and Depression and Anxiety at Age 30 Years: Results From the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.

Robbery is one of the most common urban crimes, but little is known about its relationship with mental disorders in young adults. This study aimed to assess the relationship between robbery victimization and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and comorbidity between MDD and GAD at 30 years of age. A birth cohort study has followed all children born in the city of Pelotas, southern Brazil, since 1982. At ages 23 and 30 years, participants were interviewed and asked about lifetime and recent experiences of robbery. Covariates were measured in interviews between birth and age 30 years. MDD and GAD were measured using the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations between robbery and mental disorders were calculated using Poisson regression with robust standard error. Of 3,701 cohort members interviewed at age 30 years, 42% reported robbery victimization during their lifetime. Victimization across three periods (lifetime, past 10 years, past 12 months) was associated with increased occurrence of MDD, GAD, as well as the MDD and GAD comorbidity. The strongest associations were found to robbery occurring in the previous 12 months with the MDD and GAD comorbidity, both for burglary at home (aPR 2.52; 95% CI 1.52-4.22) or community family victimization (aPR 2.10; 95% CI 1.34-3.27). These findings highlight the importance of community violence for mental health in young adulthood, and the need for public policies to prevent violence as well as support services for victims to mitigate its adverse health consequences.

Association between cesarean section and human capital in adulthood: 1982 and 1993 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

This study aims to assess the association between mode of delivery and human capital among young adults enrolled in the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brasil. In 1982 and 1993, the maternity hospitals of the municipality were daily visited, the births identified, and those live births, whose family lived in the urban area of Pelotas, were examined and their mothers interviewed. Information on mode of delivery, vaginal or cesarean, was provided by the mother in the perinatal study. Performance in intelligence tests achieved schooling and income were evaluated in the 30 years visit at the 1982 cohort. At the 1993 cohort, schooling and income were assessed at the 22 years visit, whereas IQ was evaluated at 18 years. Tobacco smoking in adulthood and type of school was used as negative outcomes to strength causal inference. Initially, cesarean section was positively associated with human capital at adulthood, with the exception of income in the 1993 cohort. After controlling for confounders, the magnitude of the associations was strongly reduced, and the regression coefficients were close to the null value. The negative outcome analysis showed that, after controlling for confounding variables, the mode of delivery was not associated with tobacco smoking and type of school. Suggesting that the variables included in the regression model to control for confounding, provided an adequate adjustment and it is unlikely that the results are due to residual confounding by socioeconomic status. On the other hand, considering the short- and long-term risks and the epidemic of cesarean sections, measures should be implemented to reduce its prevalence.

RPS Brazilian Birth Cohorts Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís): history, objectives and methods.

This paper describes the history, objectives and methods used by the nine Brazilian cohorts of the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohorts Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) Common thematic axes are identified and the objectives, baseline periods, follow-up stages and representativity of the population studied are presented. The Consortium includes three birth cohorts from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State (1978/1979, 1994 and 2010), four from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State (1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015), and two from São Luís, Maranhão State (1997 and 2010). The cohorts cover three regions of Brazil, from three distinct states, with marked socioeconomic, cultural and infrastructure differences. The cohorts were started at birth, except for the most recent one in each municipality, where mothers were recruited during pregnancy. The instruments for data collection have been refined in order to approach different exposures during the early phases of life and their long-term influence on the health-disease process. The investigators of the nine cohorts carried out perinatal studies and later studied human capital, mental health, nutrition and precursor signs of noncommunicable diseases. A total of 17,636 liveborns were recruited in Ribeirão Preto, 19,669 in Pelotas, and 7,659 in São Luís. In the studies starting during pregnancy, 1,400 pregnant women were interviewed in Ribeirão Preto, 3,199 in Pelotas, and 1,447 in São Luís. Different strategies were employed to reduce losses to follow-up. This research network allows the analysis of the incidence of diseases and the establishment of possible causal relations that might explain the health outcomes of these populations in order to contribute to the development of governmental actions and health policies more consistent with reality.

Excess weight and obesity prevalence in the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohort Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís).

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of excess weight and obesity, according to sex and income in the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohort Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas, and São Luís). Participants in the Ribeirão Preto (1978/1979 and 1994), Pelotas (1982, 1993 and 2004) and São Luís (1997/1998) birth cohorts were included in different follow-ups from 7 years old onwards. Excess weight (overweight and obesity) were assessed by body mass index. The highest prevalences were observed in Ribeirão Preto (excess weight: 27.7% at 9-11 and 47.1% at 22-23 years; obesity: 8.6% at 9-11 and 19.8% at 22-23 years) while the smallest was in São Luís (excess weight: 5.4 to 7-9 and 17.2% at 18-19 years; obesity: 1.8% at 7-9 and 3.6% at 18-19 years). The younger the cohort, the greater the prevalence of excess weight and obesity when comparing similar age groups. Increases in obesity prevalence were greater than in excess weight prevalence. Women had lower excess weight prevalence in older cohorts and higher obesity prevalence in younger cohorts. Higher excess weight and obesity prevalence were observed in higher income children and adolescents, and in poorer adults. Differences in the prevalence of excess weight and obesity evidenced that individuals from younger cohorts are more exposed to this morbidity, as well as those who were born in the most developed city, low-income adults as well as children and adolescents belonging to families of the highest income tertile. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the need to prioritize actions aimed at younger individuals.

RPS Brazilian Birth Cohorts Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís): history, objectives and methods / Consórcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) de coortes de nascimento brasileiras: história, objetivos e métodos / Consorcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas y São Luís) cohortes brasileñas de nacimiento: historia, objetivos y métodos

Abstract: This paper describes the history, objectives and methods used by the nine Brazilian cohorts of the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohorts Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) Common thematic axes are identified and the objectives, baseline periods, follow-up stages and representativity of the population studied are presented. The Consortium includes three birth cohorts from Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State (1978/1979, 1994 and 2010), four from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State (1982, 1993, 2004 and 2015), and two from São Luís, Maranhão State (1997 and 2010). The cohorts cover three regions of Brazil, from three distinct states, with marked socioeconomic, cultural and infrastructure differences. The cohorts were started at birth, except for the most recent one in each municipality, where mothers were recruited during pregnancy. The instruments for data collection have been refined in order to approach different exposures during the early phases of life and their long-term influence on the health-disease process. The investigators of the nine cohorts carried out perinatal studies and later studied human capital, mental health, nutrition and precursor signs of noncommunicable diseases. A total of 17,636 liveborns were recruited in Ribeirão Preto, 19,669 in Pelotas, and 7,659 in São Luís. In the studies starting during pregnancy, 1,400 pregnant women were interviewed in Ribeirão Preto, 3,199 in Pelotas, and 1,447 in São Luís. Different strategies were employed to reduce losses to follow-up. This research network allows the analysis of the incidence of diseases and the establishment of possible causal relations that might explain the health outcomes of these populations in order to contribute to the development of governmental actions and health policies more consistent with reality.

Resumo: O artigo descreve a história, objetivos e métodos utilizados pelas nove coortes do Consórcio RPS de Coortes de Nascimento. São identificados eixos temáticos comuns, com apresentação dos objetivos, anos de linha de base, fases de seguimento e representatividade das populações de estudo. O Consórcio inclui três coortes de nascimento de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo (1978/1979, 1994 e 2010), quatro de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (1982, 1993, 2004 e 2015) e duas de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão (1997 e 2010). As coortes provêm de três regiões do Brasil, de três estados diferentes, com importantes diferenças socioeconômicas, culturais e de infraestrutura. As coortes foram iniciadas ao nascer dos participantes, exceto a mais recente em cada município, onde as mães foram recrutadas durante a gestação. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram refinados para aproximar diferentes exposições na primeira infância e a influência, a longo prazo, no processo saúde-doença. Os investigadores das nove coortes realizaram estudos perinatais e depois examinaram o capital humano, saúde mental, nutrição e sinais percursores de doenças crônicas. Um total de 17.636 nascidos vivos foram recrutados em Ribeirão Preto, 19.669 em Pelotas e 7.659 em São Luís. Nas coortes que foram iniciadas durante a gestação, foram entrevistadas 1.400 gestantes em Ribeirão Preto, 3.199 em Pelotas e 1.447 em São Luís. Foram utilizadas diferentes estratégias para reduzir as perdas de seguimento. A rede de pesquisa do Consórcio permite analisar a incidência de doenças e identificar possíveis relações causais que podem explicar os desfechos de saúde nessas populações e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de medidas públicas e políticas de saúde que estejam mais de acordo com as respectivas realidades.

Resumen: El trabajo describe la historia, objetivos y métodos usados por nueve cohortes brasileñas del RPS Consorcio de Cohortes de Nacimiento. Se identificaron los ejes temáticos comunes y los objetivos, así como los periodos de referencia, la presentación del estadio de seguimiento y representatividad de la población estudiada. El consorcio incluye tres cohortes de nacimiento de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo (1978/1979, 1994 y 2010), cuatro de Pelotas, Estado del Rio Grande do Sul (1982, 1993, 2004 y 2015), y dos de São Luís, Estado del Maranhão (1997 y 2010). Las cohortes cubren tres regiones de Brasil, de tres estados distintos, con marcadas diferencias socioeconómicas, culturales y de infraestructura. Las cohortes comenzaron con el nacimiento, excepto para la más reciente en cada municipio, donde las madres fueron reclutadas durante la gestación. Los instrumentos para la recogida de datos han sido depurados, con el fin de realizar una aproximación a diferentes exposiciones durante las fases tempranas de la vida y su influencia a largo plazo en el proceso de salud-enfermedad. Se incluyeron a los investigadores de las nueve cohortes, donde se llevaron a cabo estudios perinatales, así como los recursos humanos analizados posteriormente, al igual que la salud mental, nutrición y signos precursores de enfermedades no comunicables. Un total de 17.636 nacidos vivos fueron reclutados en Ribeirão Preto, 19.669 en Pelotas, y 7.659 en São Luís. En los estudios que comenzaron durante el embarazo, 1.400 mujeres embarazadas fueron entrevistadas en Ribeirão Preto, 3.199 en Pelotas, y 1.447 en São Luís. Se usaron diferentes estrategias para reducir pérdidas, con el fin de realizar el seguimiento. Esta red de investigación permite el análisis de la incidencia de enfermedades y el establecimiento de posibles relaciones causales que podrían explicar los resultados de salud de estas poblaciones, con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de acciones gubernamentales y políticas de salud más consistentes con la realidad.

Excess weight and obesity prevalence in the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohort Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) / Prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade no Consórcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) de coortes de nascimentos brasileiras, Brasil / Prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en el Consorcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas y São Luís) cohortes brasileñas de nascimientos

Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of excess weight and obesity, according to sex and income in the RPS Brazilian Birth Cohort Consortium (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas, and São Luís). Participants in the Ribeirão Preto (1978/1979 and 1994), Pelotas (1982, 1993 and 2004) and São Luís (1997/1998) birth cohorts were included in different follow-ups from 7 years old onwards. Excess weight (overweight and obesity) were assessed by body mass index. The highest prevalences were observed in Ribeirão Preto (excess weight: 27.7% at 9-11 and 47.1% at 22-23 years; obesity: 8.6% at 9-11 and 19.8% at 22-23 years) while the smallest was in São Luís (excess weight: 5.4 to 7-9 and 17.2% at 18-19 years; obesity: 1.8% at 7-9 and 3.6% at 18-19 years). The younger the cohort, the greater the prevalence of excess weight and obesity when comparing similar age groups. Increases in obesity prevalence were greater than in excess weight prevalence. Women had lower excess weight prevalence in older cohorts and higher obesity prevalence in younger cohorts. Higher excess weight and obesity prevalence were observed in higher income children and adolescents, and in poorer adults. Differences in the prevalence of excess weight and obesity evidenced that individuals from younger cohorts are more exposed to this morbidity, as well as those who were born in the most developed city, low-income adults as well as children and adolescents belonging to families of the highest income tertile. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the need to prioritize actions aimed at younger individuals.

O estudo teve como objetivo estimar as prevalências de excesso de peso e de obesidade, de acordo com sexo e renda, no Consórcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) de coorte de nascimentos brasileiros. Os participantes nas coortes de Ribeirão Preto (1978/1979 e 1994), Pelotas (1982, 1993 e 2004) e São Luís (1997/1998) foram incluídos em diferentes seguimentos a partir dos sete anos de idade. O excesso de peso (sobrepeso e obesidade) e a obesidade foram avaliados pelo índice de massa corporal. As maiores prevalências foram observadas em Ribeirão Preto (excesso de peso: 27,7% aos 9-11 e 47,1% aos 22-23 anos; obesidade: 8,6% aos 9-11 e 19,8% aos 22-23 anos) e as menores taxas em São Luís (excesso de peso: 5,4% aos 7-9 e 17,2% aos 18-19 anos; obesidade: 1,8% aos 7-9 e 3,6% aos 18-19 anos). Quanto mais jovem a coorte, maior a prevalência de excesso de peso e de obesidade, na comparação entre grupos etários semelhantes. O aumento na prevalência de obesidade foi maior que na prevalência de excesso de peso. As mulheres tiveram menor prevalência de excesso de peso nas coortes mais velhas e maior prevalência de obesidade nas coortes mais jovens. Maiores prevalências de excesso de peso e de obesidade foram observadas nas crianças e adolescentes com renda familiar mais alta e em adultos de renda mais baixa. As diferenças nas prevalências de excesso de peso e de obesidade evidenciaram que os indivíduos das coortes mais jovens estão mais expostos a essa morbidade, assim como, aqueles nascidos na cidade mais desenvolvida, os adultos de baixa renda e crianças e adolescentes pertencentes a família do tercil de maior renda. Portanto, os resultados indicam a necessidade de priorizar medidas dirigidas aos indivíduos mais jovens.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, según sexo e ingresos en el Consorcio RPS (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) cohortes brasileñas de nascimientos. Los participantes en las cohortes de nacimiento de Ribeirão Preto (1978/1979 y 1994), Pelotas (1982, 1993 y 2004) y São Luís (1997/1998) fueron incluidos en diferentes seguimientos desde los 7 años de edad. El exceso de peso (sobrepeso y obesidad) fueron evaluados por el índice de masa corporal. Las prevalencias más altas se observaron en Ribeirão Preto (exceso de peso: 27,7% a los 9-11 y 47,1% a los 22-23 años; obesidad: 8,6% a los 9-11 y 19,8% a los 22-23 años) y los más pequeños en São Luís (exceso de peso: 5,4 a los 7-9 y 17,2% a los 18-19 años; obesidad: 1,8% a los 7-9 y 3,6% a los 18-19 años). Cuanto más joven fuera la cohorte, mayor era la prevalencia de exceso de peso y obesidad, cuando se comparan con grupos de edad similares. El incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad fue mayor que en la prevalencia de exceso de peso. Las mujeres tenían una prevalencia de exceso de peso más baja en las cohortes más viejas y una mayor prevalencia de obesidad en las cohortes más jóvenes. Se observaron prevalencias más altas de exceso de peso y obesidad en los niños y adolescentes con mayores ingresos, y en los adultos más pobres. Las diferencias en las prevalencias de exceso de peso y obesidad evidenciaron que las personas de las cohortes más jóvenes estaban más expuestas a esta morbilidad, al igual que aquellas que habían nacido en las ciudades más desarrolladas, adultos con bajos ingresos, además de niños y adolescentes pertenecientes a las familias del tercil de ingresos más altos. Por eso, los resultados de este estudio indican la necesidad de priorizar acciones dirigidas a las personas más jóvenes.

Association between cesarean section and human capital in adulthood: 1982 and 1993 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Associação entre cesariana e capital humano na idade adulta: as coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, 1982 e 1993, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Asociación entre cesárea y capital humano en la etapa adulta: cohortes de nacimiento de 1982 y 1993 en Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract: This study aims to assess the association between mode of delivery and human capital among young adults enrolled in the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas birth cohorts, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brasil. In 1982 and 1993, the maternity hospitals of the municipality were daily visited, the births identified, and those live births, whose family lived in the urban area of Pelotas, were examined and their mothers interviewed. Information on mode of delivery, vaginal or cesarean, was provided by the mother in the perinatal study. Performance in intelligence tests achieved schooling and income were evaluated in the 30 years visit at the 1982 cohort. At the 1993 cohort, schooling and income were assessed at the 22 years visit, whereas IQ was evaluated at 18 years. Tobacco smoking in adulthood and type of school was used as negative outcomes to strength causal inference. Initially, cesarean section was positively associated with human capital at adulthood, with the exception of income in the 1993 cohort. After controlling for confounders, the magnitude of the associations was strongly reduced, and the regression coefficients were close to the null value. The negative outcome analysis showed that, after controlling for confounding variables, the mode of delivery was not associated with tobacco smoking and type of school. Suggesting that the variables included in the regression model to control for confounding, provided an adequate adjustment and it is unlikely that the results are due to residual confounding by socioeconomic status. On the other hand, considering the short- and long-term risks and the epidemic of cesarean sections, measures should be implemented to reduce its prevalence.

Resumo: O estudo buscou avaliar a associação entre modo de parto e capital humano entre adultas jovens nas coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1982 e 1993. Em 1982 e 1993, as maternidades de Pelotas foram visitadas diariamente, os nascimentos foram identificados e os nascidos vivos cujas famílias residiam na área urbana foram examinados e suas mães foram entrevistadas. As informações sobre modo de parto (vaginal versus cesáreo) foram coletadas durante a entrevista perinatal. O desempenho em testes de inteligência, nível de escolaridade e renda foram avaliados na visita de 30 anos da coorte de 1982. Para a coorte de 1993, escolaridade e renda foram avaliadas na visita de 22 anos, enquanto o QI foi avaliado aos 18 anos. Tabagismo na vida adulta e tipo de escola foram usados como desfechos negativos para fortalecer a inferência causal. Inicialmente, parto cesáreo mostrou associação positiva com capital humano na vida adulta, com exceção de renda na coorte de 1993. Depois de controlar para fatores de confusão, o tamanho das associações foi reduzido fortemente, e os coeficientes de regressão chegaram perto de valor nulo. A análise de desfechos negativos mostrou que depois de controlar para variáveis de confusão, o modo de parto não esteve associado ao tabagismo ou ao tipo de escola. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis incluídas no model de regressão para controlar os fatores de confusão resultaram em ajuste adequado, e é improvável que os resultados atuais sejam devidos à confusão por posição socioeconômica. Por outro lado, devido aos riscos no curto e longo prazo e à epidemia de cesarianas, são necessárias medidas para reduzir a prevalência de partos cesáreos.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la asociación entre la forma de parto y el capital humano entre adultos jóvenes, que se encontraban en las cohortes de nacimiento de 1982 y 1993, en Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil. En 1982 y 1993, se visitaron diariamente los hospitales de maternidad de la ciudad, se identificaron los nacimientos, se examinaron aquellos nacimientos vivos, cuya familia vivía en el área urbana de la ciudad, al igual que se realizaron entrevistas a sus madres. La información sobre la forma de parto (vaginal o cesárea) fue proporcionada por la madre en el estudio perinatal. Se evaluó tanto el rendimiento escolar alcanzado en tests de inteligencia, como los ingresos, transcurridos 30 años de la primera visita en la cohorte de 1982. En la cohorte de 1993, la escolaridad y los ingresos fueron evaluados tras la visita de hacía 22 años, mientras que el CI se evaluó a los 18 años. Fumar tabaco en la etapa adulta y el tipo de financiación de la escuela fueron usados como resultados negativos para la fortaleza de la inferencia causal. Inicialmente, la cesárea estuvo positivamente asociada con el capital humano en la etapa adulta, con la excepción de los ingresos en la cohorte de 1993. Tras controlar los factores de confusión, la magnitud de las asociaciones se vio fuertemente reducida, y los coeficientes de regresión eran cercanos al valor nulo. El análisis de resultado negativo mostró que, tras controlar las variables de confusión, el modo de parto no estuvo asociado con fumar tabaco y el tipo de financiación de la escuela. Sugiriendo que las variables incluidas en el modelo de regresión para el control de los factores de confusión, proporcionaron un ajuste adecuado, y es poco probable que los resultados actuales se deban a factores de confusión residuales por el estatus socioeconómico. Por otro lado, debido a los riesgos a corto y largo plazo y la epidemia de cesáreas, se deben implementar medidas para reducir la prevalencia de las cesáreas.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body mass index and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence on the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. MEDLINE, Web of Science and LILACS databases were searched. Reference lists were also screened. We included original studies, conducted in humans, that assessed the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI) and overweight in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, published through May 1st, 2018. A meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. The systematic review included 64 studies, of which 37 evaluated the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with overweight, 13 with BMI, and 14 evaluated both outcomes. Of these 64 studies, 95 measures of effect were extracted and included in the meta-analysis. We verified that the quality of evidence across studies regarding maternal smoking in pregnancy and overweight and BMI of offspring to be moderate and low, respectively. Most studies (44 studies) were classified as moderate risk bias. Heterogeneity among studies included was high and, in the random-effects pooled analysis, maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the odds of offspring overweight (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.35; 1.52) and mean difference of BMI (ß: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.23; 0.39). In conclusion, offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy have higher odds of overweight and mean difference of BMI, and these associations persisted into adulthood.

Associations of physical activity and sedentary time with body composition in Brazilian young adults.

The findings of studies on the association between physical activity and adiposity are not consistent, and most are cross-sectional and used only self-reported measures. The aims of this study were to evaluate: 1) independent and combined cross-sectional associations of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time with body composition outcomes at 30 years, and 2) prospective associations of changes in self-reported physical activity from 23 to 30 years with the same outcomes in participants from the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort. Body mass index, waist circumference, visceral abdominal fat, fat mass index, and android/gynoid fat ratio were the outcomes. 3,206 participants were analysed. In cross-sectional analyses, higher objectively-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with lower body mass index (ß = 0.017, 95%CI: -0.026; -0.009), waist circumference (ß = -0.043, 95%CI: -0.061; -0.025), visceral abdominal fat (ß = -0.006, 95%CI: -0.009; -0.003), and fat mass index (ß = -0.015, 95%CI: -0.021; -0.009), independent of sedentary time. Sedentary time was independently associated only with higher fat mass index (ß = 0.003, 95%CI: 0.001; 0.005). In longitudinal analyses, using self-reported measure, adiposity was lower among those who were consistently active or who became active. Adiposity was similar among the "became inactive" and "consistently inactive" subjects. Our findings suggest metabolic benefits from engagement in physical activity throughout young adulthood, with stronger associations on concurrent levels.

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age.

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (ß = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (ß = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (ß = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density.

Breastfeeding and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Breastfeeding has short- and long-term benefits for child health. In this systematic review, we updated a review on the association between breastfeeding and type 2 diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS: A meta-analysis published in 2015 reported that breastfeeding protects against type 2 diabetes (pooled odds ratio, 0.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.48; 0.86)). In the present update, we identified three recently published studies. An internet-based study reported that at a mean age of 25.6 years, exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months protected against type 2 diabetes (odds ratio, 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.41; 0.95)). In a retrospective cohort, those subjects who had been breastfed before hospital discharge were less likely of presenting diabetes (odds ratio, 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.69; 0.99)). In a case-control study, the odds of type 2 diabetes in adolescents was lower for those exclusively breastfed at hospital discharge (odds ratio, 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.36; 0.74)). In the meta-analysis, the pooled odds ratio was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.56; 0.80). The updated systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that breastfeeding protects from type 2 diabetes.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body mass index and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e índice de massa corporal e excesso de peso entre os filhos: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo e índice de masa corporal y sobrepeso en los hijos: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Abstract: The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence on the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. MEDLINE, Web of Science and LILACS databases were searched. Reference lists were also screened. We included original studies, conducted in humans, that assessed the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI) and overweight in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, published through May 1st, 2018. A meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. The systematic review included 64 studies, of which 37 evaluated the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with overweight, 13 with BMI, and 14 evaluated both outcomes. Of these 64 studies, 95 measures of effect were extracted and included in the meta-analysis. We verified that the quality of evidence across studies regarding maternal smoking in pregnancy and overweight and BMI of offspring to be moderate and low, respectively. Most studies (44 studies) were classified as moderate risk bias. Heterogeneity among studies included was high and, in the random-effects pooled analysis, maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the odds of offspring overweight (OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.35; 1.52) and mean difference of BMI (β: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.23; 0.39). In conclusion, offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy have higher odds of overweight and mean difference of BMI, and these associations persisted into adulthood.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para avaliar as evidências sobre a associação entre tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e composição corporal dos filhos na infância, adolescência e vida adulta. Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Web of Science e LILACS, além de listas de referências. Incluímos estudos originais em seres humanos que avaliaram a associação entre tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e índice de massa corporal (IMC) e excesso de peso dos filhos na infância, adolescência e vida adulta, publicados até 1º de maio de 2018. A metanálise foi usada para estimar os tamanhos dos efeitos agregados. A revisão sistemática incluiu 64 estudos, dos quais 37 avaliaram a associação entre tabagismo materno durante a gravidez e excesso de peso, 13 com IMC e 14 com ambos os desfechos. Desses 64 estudos, foram extraídas 95 medidas de efeito, incluídas na metanálise. Verificamos que a qualidade das evidências nos estudos sobre o tabagismo materno e excesso de peso e IMC dos filhos era moderada e baixa, respectivamente. A maioria dos estudos (44) foi classificada como risco de viés moderado. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos era alta, e na análise de efeitos aleatórios agrupada, o tabagismo materno durante a gravidez aumentou a probabilidade de excesso de peso nos filhos (OR: 1,43; IC95%: 1,35; 1,52) e a diferença média do IMC (β: 0,31; IC95%: 0,23; 0,39). Conclui-se que filhos de mulheres que fumaram durante a gravidez têm maior probabilidade para excesso de peso e maior diferença média de IMC, e que essas associações persistem na vida adulta.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis para evaluar la evidencia de asociación del tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo con el índice de masa corporal de los hijos durante la infancia, adolescencia y etapa adulta. Se buscó información en las siguientes bases de datos: MEDLINE, Web of Science y LILACS. También se analizaron listas de referencia. Se incluyeron estudios originales, realizados con humanos, que evaluaron la asociación del tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en los hijos, así como el sobrepeso en la infancia, adolescencia y etapa adulta, publicado el 1 de mayo de 2018. Se realizó un metaanálisis para estimar el tamaño de los efectos combinados. La revisión sistemática incluyó 64 estudios, donde 37 evaluaron la asociación del tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo con el sobrepeso, 13 con el IMC, y 14 evaluaron ambos resultados. De estos 64 estudios, se obtuvieron 95 medidas de efecto que se incluyeron en el metaanálisis. Verificamos que la calidad de las evidencias en los diferentes estudios, respecto tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo y el sobrepeso, así como el IMC en los hijos, era moderada y baja, respectivamente. La mayor parte de los estudios (44 estudios) estaba clasificada como de riesgo moderado de sesgo. La heterogeneidad entre los estudios incluidos fue alta y, en los análisis agrupados de efectos aleatorios, el tabaquismo materno durante el embarazo incrementó la probabilidad de descendencia con sobrepeso (OR: 1,43; IC95%: 1,35; 1,52) y la diferencia media del IMC (β: 0,31; IC95%: 0,23; 0,39). En conclusión, los hijos de las madres que fumaron durante el embarazo tienen una mayor probabilidad de sobrepeso, así como una diferencia media del IMC, y estas asociaciones persisten en la etapa adulta.

Association of breastfeeding, maternal anthropometry and body composition in women at 30 years of age / Associação entre aleitamento materno, antropometria e composição corporal em mulheres de 30 anos de idade / Asociación entre lactancia materna, antropometría y composición corporal en mujeres con 30 años de edad

This study aimed at assessing the association of breastfeeding with maternal body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat mass index, fat free mass index, android/gynoid fat ratio and bone mineral density. In 1982, the maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were daily visited and all live births were identified and examined. These subjects underwent follow-up for several times. At 30 years of age, the participants were interviewed and examined. Parous women provided information on parity and duration of breastfeeding. Multiple linear regression was used in the multivariate analysis, controlling for genomic ancestry, family income, schooling and smoking at 2004-2005. After controlling for confounding factors, breastfeeding was inversely associated with BMI and fat mass index, whereas breastfeeding per live birth was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index. Women who had had a child in the last 5 years and had breastfed, showed lower BMI (β = -2.12, 95%CI: -4.2; -0.1), waist circumference (β = -4.46, 95%CI: -8.3; -0.6) and fat mass index (β = -1.79, 95%CI: -3.3; -0.3), whereas no association was observed among those whose last childbirth was > 5 years, but the p-value for the tests of interaction were > 0.05. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with lower BMI and other adiposity measures, mostly in the first years after delivery. Besides that, it has no negative impact on bone mineral density.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associação entre aleitamento materno e índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, índice de massa gorda, índice de massa magra, razão de gordura andróide/ginóide e densidade mineral óssea maternos. Em 1982, as maternidades de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foram visitadas diariamente e todos os nascidos vivos foram identificados e examinados. Essas pessoas foram seguidas em diversos momentos. Aos 30 anos de idade, as participantes foram entrevistadas e examinadas. As que haviam dado à luz forneceram informação sobre paridade e duração do aleitamento materno. Usamos regressão múltipla linear na análise multivariada, controlando por ancestralidade genômica, renda familiar, escolaridade e tabagismo em 2004-2005. Após controlar por fatores de confundimento, o aleitamento materno estava inversamente associado ao IMC e índice de massa gorda, enquanto o aleitamento materno por nascido vivo estava negativamente associado ao IMC, circunferência da cintura e índice de massa gorda. Mulheres que haviam dado à luz nos últimos 5 anos e que haviam amamentado apresentaram IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), circunferência da cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de massa gorda (β = -1,79, IC95%: -3,3; -0,3) mais baixos. Nenhuma associação foi observada entre aquelas cujo último parto havia sido > 5 anos, mas o valor de p dos testes de interação foi > 0,05. Nossos resultados sugerem que o aleitamento materno está associado a valores mais baixos de IMC e de outras medidas de adiposidade, especialmente nos primeiros anos após o parto. Adicionalmente, o aleitamento não tem impacto negativo sobre a densidade mineral óssea.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre lactancia materna, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura, índice de grasa corporal, índice de masa libre de grasa, proporción de grasa en hombres/mujeres y densidad mineral ósea. En 1982, se visitaron diariamente hospitales maternales en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, y se identificaron y examinaron todos los nacimientos vivos. A estos últimos se les realizó un seguimiento en varias ocasiones. Se entrevistó y examinó a madres con 30 años de edad. Las mujeres con hijos proporcionaron información en paridad y duración de la lactancia. Se usó una regresión múltiple lineal en el análisis multivariado, controlando la ascendencia genómica, los ingresos por hogar, la escolaridad y ser fumador en 2004-2005. Tras controlar los factores de confusión, la lactancia estuvo inversamente asociada con el IMC y el índice de grasa corporal, mientras que la lactancia en nacimientos vivos estuvo negativamente asociada con el IMC, el perímetro de cintura y el índice de masa corporal. Las mujeres que tuvieron un niño en los últimos 5 años, y habían amamantado alguna vez, tuvieron un menor IMC (β = -2,12, IC95%: -4,2; -0,1), perímetro de cintura (β = -4,46, IC95%: -8,3; -0,6) e índice de grasa corporal (β = -1,79, C95%: -3,3; -0,3), mientras que no se observó ninguna asociación entre quienes tuvieron el último parto en > 5 años, pero el valor de p para las pruebas de interacción fue > 0,05. Nuestros resultados plantean que la lactancia materna está asociada con el IMC y otras medidas de adiposidad, la mayor parte durante los primeros años tras el parto. Asimismo, no tuvo impacto negativo en la densidad mineral ósea.

Disability relating to basic and instrumental activities of daily living: a zopulation-based study with elderly in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2014. / Incapacidade funcional para atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária: um estudo de base populacional com idosos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of disability related to basic and instrumental activities of daily living and its association with socioeconomic, demographic, behavioral and health characteristics in the elderly. METHODS: population-based cross-sectional study in Pelotas, Brazil, in 2014; Katz and Lawton scales were used to assess the outcomes using Poisson regression. RESULTS: the study included 1.451 elderly individuals; the prevalence of disability for basic and instrumental activities was 36.1% and 34.0%, respectively, and 18.1% in both; higher prevalence of functional disability were observed individuals ≥80 years (PR=3.01; 95%CI 2.17;4.18), not working (PR=2.02; 95%CI 1.13;3.60) and those with multiple morbidities (PR=3.28; 95%CI 1.38;7.79); and lower in individuals with ≥12 years of schooling (PR=0.40; 95%CI 0.24;0.66), and that were physically active (PR=0.42; 95%CI 0.21;0.82). CONCLUSION: functional disability was associated to individuals older than 80, with less schooling years and affected by multiple morbidities.

Lifelong robbery victimisation and mental disorders at age 18 years: Brazilian population-based study.

PURPOSE: Urban violence is a major problem in Brazil and may contribute to mental disorders among victims. The aim of this study was to assess the association between robbery victimisation and mental health disorders in late adolescence. METHODS: At age 18 years, 4106 participants in the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study were assessed. A questionnaire about history of robbery victimisation was administered, the Self-Report Questionnaire was used to screen for common mental disorders, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Cross-sectional prevalence ratios between lifetime robbery victimisation and mental disorders were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, adjusting for socioeconomic variables measured at birth and violence in the home and maltreatment measured at age 15. RESULTS: There was a dose-response relationship between frequency of lifetime robberies and risk of mental disorders. Adolescents who had been robbed three or more times had twice the risk (PR 2.04; 95% CI 1.64-2.56) for common mental disorders, over four times the risk for depression (PR 4.59; 95% CI 2.60-8.12), and twice the risk for anxiety (PR 1.93; 95% CI 1.06-3.50), compared with non-victims, adjusting for covariates. Experiencing frequent robberies had greater impact on common mental disorders than experiencing an armed robbery. Population attributable fractions with regard to robbery were 9% for common mental disorders, 13% for depression, and 8% for anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Robberies are associated with common mental disorders in late adolescence, independently of violence between family members. Reducing urban violence could significantly help in preventing common mental illnesses.